| Essential Nutrients | 必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素 |
| Balanced and reasonable diet and nutrition are the basis of human health. The essential nutrients in body can be grouped into 6 categories: proteins, fats, carbohydrates and trace elements, vitamins, minerals and water. These nutrients are digested in gastrointestinal tract and absorbed into the body to ensure the normal growth and development of body and physiological functions. Balanced diet and nutrients not only prevent diseases, but also contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and promotion of health. | 均衡、合理的飲食與營(yíng)養(yǎng)是人類(lèi)健康的根本。人體需要的必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素可分成六大類(lèi)：蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、碳水化合物與微量元素、維生素，礦物質(zhì)和水。這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)素在胃腸道消化吸收并進(jìn)入人體，保證機(jī)體的正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和各種生理功能。均衡的飲食與營(yíng)養(yǎng)不僅可以預(yù)防疾病，還可幫助診斷和治療疾病、促進(jìn)康復(fù)?！?/td> |
A. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It functions physically to provide energy, maintain regular activities of the heart and neurologic systems, protect liver from toxification and prevent ketosis. | A. 碳水化合物
碳水化合物是能量的主要來(lái)源，含有碳、氫、和氧等物質(zhì)。其重要生理功能為供給熱能、維持心臟和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的正?；顒?dòng)、保肝解毒、預(yù)防酮病。 |
| Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Simple sugars such as fruit sugar are easily digested. Starches are more complex and require more sophisticated enzyme processes to be reduced to glucose. Glucose is converted sugar or starch and appears in the body as blood sugar. Some glucose is processed by the liver, converted to glycogen, and stored by the liver for later use. | 碳水化合物包括糖、淀粉和纖維素。單糖，如水果糖，易于消化；淀粉較為復(fù)雜，它通過(guò)酶解還原為葡萄糖；葡萄糖是糖或淀粉的轉(zhuǎn)化物，在機(jī)體內(nèi)則為血糖。有些葡萄糖經(jīng)肝臟處理轉(zhuǎn)化為肝糖并得以貯存?zhèn)溆?。?/td> |
| Too many carbohydrates are unhealthy since they crowd out other important foods and prevent the body from receiving the necessary nutrients for healthy maintenance. Too few carbohydrates are also unhealthy. It leads to loss of energy, depression and ketosis as well as a breakdown of body protein. | 過(guò)多的碳水化合物有害健康，它排擠了其它一些重要食物，阻止機(jī)體接受維持健康所需的其他必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素；碳水化合物過(guò)少也不利健康，它會(huì)導(dǎo)致能量丟失、抑郁和酮毒癥，而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)的分解。 |
The amount and kind of carbohydrates consumed for optional health are determined by the following factors:
1. Differences of body structure
2. Expenditure of energy
3. Basal metabolism
4. General health status | 決定健康所需的碳水化合物攝入數(shù)量及種類(lèi)的因素有下列幾個(gè)：
1. 身體結(jié)構(gòu)差異
2. 能量消耗
3. 基礎(chǔ)代謝率
4. 健康狀況 |
B. Fats
Fats or lipids are the second important nutrients next to carbohydrates. Fatty acids are the basic components of fat and can mainly be grouped into two: saturated fatty acids usually from animal sources and unsaturated fatty acids primarily from vegetables, nuts, or seed sources. | B. 脂肪
脂肪又叫脂質(zhì)，它僅次于碳水化合物的第二大營(yíng)養(yǎng)素。脂肪酸是脂肪的基本成份，它可以分成兩大類(lèi)：來(lái)源于動(dòng)物的飽和脂肪酸和來(lái)源于植物、堅(jiān)果或種子的不飽和脂肪酸?！?/td> |
| Fats function to provide energy, assist in building tissue cells, provide essential fatty acids, maintain body temperature, protect viscera, and act as carriers for the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, promoting absorption and utilization of these vitamins. | 脂肪的作用為：提供熱能、參與構(gòu)成組織細(xì)胞、供給必需脂肪酸、維持人體體溫、保護(hù)臟器、充當(dāng)脂溶性維生素A、D、E和K的載體，促進(jìn)其吸收和利用。 |
| Too much fat leads to weight problems. It also causes poor metabolism of food products because the digestive and absorption processes are affected. Too little fat leads to skin problems and unhealthy blood and arteries. | 脂肪過(guò)多可導(dǎo)致體重問(wèn)題，同時(shí)通過(guò)影響機(jī)體的消化吸收過(guò)程而影響食物代謝。脂肪不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚、血液、動(dòng)脈等方面疾病?！?/td> |
C. Proteins
Proteins are complex organic compounds. They are digested and broken down to form 22 amino acids. Proteins are critical to all aspects of growth and development of body tissues and necessary for the building of muscles, blood, skin, internal organs, hormones, and enzymes. Protein is also a sources of energy. When there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat in the body, protein is burned to provide energy. | C. 蛋白質(zhì)
蛋白質(zhì)屬于復(fù)合有機(jī)物，經(jīng)消化分解，蛋白質(zhì)可以生產(chǎn)出22種氨基酸。蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)機(jī)體組織的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育至關(guān)重要，也是構(gòu)建肌肉、血液、皮膚、內(nèi)臟、激素和酶的必需物質(zhì)。蛋白質(zhì)也是熱能來(lái)源，當(dāng)體內(nèi)碳水化合物或脂肪不足時(shí)，就會(huì)通過(guò)燃燒蛋白質(zhì)來(lái)獲取熱能。 |
| There are eight amino acids that can’t be produced by the body. They must be obtained from the diet. The food in which all eight are present is called a complete protein, otherwise an incomplete protein. Most meat and dairy products are complete proteins while most vegetables and fruits incomplete proteins. | 有八種氨基酸是無(wú)法由體內(nèi)生成的。他們必須由飲食獲取。如果某食物含有全部八種氨基酸，則這種食物就被稱(chēng)為全蛋白質(zhì)食物。否則即為非全蛋白食物。多數(shù)肉類(lèi)和乳制品為全蛋白食物，多數(shù)植物及水果類(lèi)食物為非全蛋白質(zhì)食物?！?/td> |
| Protein deficiency can affect the entire body – organs, tissues, skin, and muscles, as well as certain body processes. | 蛋白質(zhì)不足可影響整個(gè)機(jī)體――器官、組織、皮膚、肌肉及某些機(jī)體過(guò)程。 |
D. Vitamins
Vitamins are found only in living things. They usually cannot be synthesized by the human body. Vitamins can be grouped according to the substance in which they are soluble: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E, and E are all fat-soluble while B-complex vitamins, vitamin C and the bioflavonoids water-soluble. Vitamins have no caloric value, but they are as necessary to the body as any other basic nutrients. | D. 維生素
維生素只存在于生命物體，通常不能由人體合成。按維生素的溶解環(huán)境，維生素可以分為兩大類(lèi)：脂溶性和水溶性。維生素A、D、E和K為脂溶性維生素，B族維生素及維生素C和生物素屬于水溶維生素。維生素不提供熱量，但機(jī)體的重要性并不亞于其它基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)素?！?/td> |
| Vitamins have different sources and functions. Vitamin A, for example, may come from fish oil, animal livers, egg yolk, butters, green and yellow vegetables. Vitamins function as photoreceptor mechanism of retina, maintenance of integrity of epithelia, lysosome stability, glycoprotein synthesis. | 維生素的來(lái)源及作用各不相同。如維生素A，它的來(lái)源包括魚(yú)肝油、肝臟、蛋黃、奶油、綠葉菜、黃色蔬菜等。它的作用有：視網(wǎng)膜光受體機(jī)制、維護(hù)上皮細(xì)胞的完整性、溶酶體的穩(wěn)定性、糖蛋白的合成等?！?/td> |
| Neither excess nor insufficient vitamins are healthy to body. Too few proteins lead to night blindness, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xerophthalmia, keratomolacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children. Toxicity includes headache, peeling of skin, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone thichening. | 維生素不足或過(guò)多都對(duì)機(jī)體害。維生素不足可導(dǎo)致夜盲、毛囊周角化過(guò)度、異物笥眼炎、兒童發(fā)病率我死亡率增高等。維生素毒性作用包括頭痛、脫皮、肝脾腫大、骨磳厚等?！?/td> |
E. Water
Water is not specifically a nutrient. But it is essential for survival. Water is involved in every body process from digestion and absorption to excretion. It is a major portion of circulation and is the transporter of nutrients throughout the body. | E. 水
水并不是營(yíng)養(yǎng)素，但水對(duì)生存必不可少。水參與了機(jī)體從消化吸收到排泄的全過(guò)程，是體內(nèi)循環(huán)的重要組成部分和體內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的運(yùn)送者?！?/td> |
| Body water performs three major functions: gives form to the body, comprising from 50 – 75 percent of the body mass; provides the necessary environment for cell metabolism; and maintains a stable body temperature. | 水的作用主要有三個(gè)：給機(jī)體以形，機(jī)體的50－70%含有水；為細(xì)胞代謝提供了必要的環(huán)境；保持體溫的穩(wěn)定?！?/td> |
F. Minerals
Minerals form 60 –90 percent of all inorganic material in the body. They are found in bones, teeth, soft tissue, muscle, blood, and nerve cells and essential for metabolic processes. Minerals are grouped according to the amount found in the body: major minerals and trace minerals. The former includes sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and chlorine, all of which have a known function in the body. The latter includes iron, iodine, zinc, manganese, and copper. Their function in the body remains unclear. | F. 礦物質(zhì)
礦物質(zhì)占體內(nèi)無(wú)機(jī)材料的60－90%，骨、齒、軟組織、肌肉、血液、及神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中都有礦物質(zhì)，它是代謝過(guò)程的重要元素。根據(jù)體內(nèi)數(shù)量，礦物質(zhì)可分為兩類(lèi)：常量礦物質(zhì)和微量元數(shù)。前者如鈉、鉀、鈣、鎂、磷和氯等，其在機(jī)體內(nèi)的作用從所共知；后者如鐵，碘、鋅、錳和銅等，對(duì)人體的作用尚不明了?！?/td> |
| Minerals act on organs and in metabolic processes. They serve as catalysts for many reactions such as controlling muscle responses, maintaining the nervous systems, and regulating acid-base balance. They assist in transmitting messages, maintaining cardiac stability, and regulating metabolism and absorption of other nutrients. A deficiency will lead to severe illnesses. Iron, for example, is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and many enzymes in the body. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. It leads to anemia. Excessive minerals can throw the body out of balance. Excess iron can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and damage to the intestine. | 礦物質(zhì)對(duì)器官及在機(jī)體代謝過(guò)程中發(fā)揮作用。它是多種反應(yīng)的催化劑，如控制肌肉反應(yīng)、維持神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能、調(diào)節(jié)酸堿平衡等。它協(xié)助信息傳遞、維持心臟穩(wěn)定、調(diào)節(jié)其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的代謝和吸收。礦物質(zhì)不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重疾病，如鐵是體內(nèi)血紅蛋白、肌紅蛋白和許多酶的成分。缺鐵引起貧血，這是世界上最為常見(jiàn)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏癥。過(guò)多的礦物質(zhì)也會(huì)使機(jī)體失去平衡。如過(guò)量的鐵可引起嘔吐、腹瀉、腸損害等。 |
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