| Anatomical Position | 解剖部位 |
Because anatomy is a descriptive science, clearly defined and unambiguous terms must be used to indicate the positions of structures to each other and to the body as a whole in the anatomical position.
Anterior （Ventral, Front） Nearer to the front of the body is anterior. Usually the anterior surface of the hand is called the volar or palmar surface and the inferior surface of the foot is called the plantar surface or sole. Ventral is equivalent to anterior.
Posterior （Dorsal, Behind） Nearer to the back of the body is posterior. Dorsal is interchangeable with posterior. Usually the posterior or dorsal surface of the hand is called dorsum. The term dorsum is also used to describe the anterosuperior surface of the foot. | 由于解剖學是一門描述科學，為描述結(jié)構(gòu)之間、結(jié)構(gòu)與整體之間的解剖位置關(guān)系，必須使用含意明確無疑的名詞。
前（腹側(cè)） 靠近身體的前部，常將手的前面稱為掌面或手掌，而腳的下面稱為 面或足底。腹側(cè)等同于前方。
后（背側(cè)） 靠近身體的背部，背側(cè)等同于后方，常將手的背面稱為手背，背側(cè)這一術(shù)語亦用以形容足的前上面?！?/td> |
Superior （Cephalic, Cranial, Above） Toward the head or upper part of the body. Cranial and cephalic are interchangeable adjectives which mean proceeding toward the brain and cranium. Rostral is often used synonymously with anterior in descriptions of the brain.
Inferior （Caudal, Below） Toward the feet or lower part of the body and further from the head. The term caudal means nearer to the tail and is used in description of embryos.
Medial Toward the median plane of the body.
Lateral Farther away from the medium plane of the body.
In the upper limb, the radius is the lateral bone of the forearm and the ulna is the medial one. Thus, the term radial is referred to the lateral and the ulnar is referred to the medial.
Intermediate Between two structures, one of which is medial and the other lateral. | 上（頭側(cè)，顱側(cè)，上方） 對向頭或身體上部、顱側(cè)或頭側(cè)通常是可以交換使用的形容詞，表明對向腦或頭顱的一側(cè)。在描述腦時，嘴側(cè)常是前方的同義詞。
下（尾側(cè)、下方） 對向腳或身體下部離頭較遠的部位。尾側(cè)意指近尾，常用以胚胎的描述中。
內(nèi)側(cè) 靠近身體正中面。
外側(cè) 遠離身體正中面。
就上肢而言，橈骨是前臂外側(cè)的骨，尺骨位于內(nèi)，因而橈側(cè)意為外側(cè)，尺側(cè)意為內(nèi)側(cè)。
中間 指的是在內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)兩個結(jié)構(gòu)之間?！?/td> |
Shortly after leaving the porta hepatis, the right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct. It passes inferiorly and to tile right, between the layers of the lesser omentum, where it is joined on the right side at an acute angle by the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the large bile duct, common bile duct.
The common bile duct, passes in the free edge of the lesser omentum with the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The common bile duct passes inferiorly, anterior to the epiploic foramen, where it is anterior to the right edge of the portal vein and on the right side of the hepatic artery. The common bile duct passes posterior to the superior part of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas. On the left side of the descending part of the duodenum, the common bile duct comes into contact with the pancreatic duct and the two of them run obliquely through the wall of the duodenum, where they usually unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla （Vater's）. There is a sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla （sphincter of Oddi）, which normally keeps the ostium of hepatopancreatic ampulla closed. | 左、右肝管在肝門附近合成肝總管。肝總管在網(wǎng)膜的雙層腹膜之間行向右下，與其右側(cè)來自膽囊的膽囊管以銳角會合而成大的膽管即膽總管。
膽總管與肝動脈和門靜脈行于小網(wǎng)膜游離緣內(nèi)。膽總管下行于網(wǎng)膜孔前方，位于門靜脈右緣前方和肝動脈右側(cè)。在十二指腸上部和胰頭后方，膽總管繼續(xù)下行。在十二指腸降部左側(cè)，膽總管與胰管會合，兩者斜行穿過十二指腸壁，通常在此會合而成肝胰壺腹（法特壺腹），此處有一肝胰壺腹括約?。ò⒌侠s?。?，通常它保持肝胰壺腹的開口關(guān)閉?！?/td> |
| The gallbladder lies in a fossa on the ventral surface of the liver. It is located between the right and quadrate lobes of the liver and closed to superior part of the duodenum and the transverse colon anteriorly. The gallbladder is divided into three parts, the fundus, the body and the neck. The neck of the gallbladder makes a S-shaped bend and is somewhat constricted as it becomes continuous with the cystic duct. The cystic duct runs superiorly at first and then turns posteriorly and inferiorly to join the common hepatic duct, forming the bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. | 膽囊位于肝腹側(cè)面的窩內(nèi)，在肝右葉和方葉之間，鄰接十二指腸上部和橫結(jié)腸前方。膽囊分為三部分：即底，體和頸。膽囊頸部呈S狀彎曲，在其延續(xù)為膽囊管處變得狹窄。膽囊管先行向上方，然后轉(zhuǎn)向后下方與肝總管會合，形成總膽管通向十二指腸?！?/td> |
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