【摘要】 Dopuin/Cox17p是新近從酵母和豬小腸中發(fā)現(xiàn)和鑒定的一種生物活性肽,分子量8057 D左右,加工成熟的活性形式由62個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成。從DNA和蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫中發(fā)現(xiàn),動物中的瘧原蟲、瘧蚊、果蠅和鯊、蛇,以及植物中的擬南芥均存在對應(yīng)肽,鼠和人的cDNA庫中也有對應(yīng)序列。盡管因種屬不同在一級結(jié)構(gòu)上略有差異,但其N端脯氨酸密集,22、23、25、35、44和54位點(diǎn)為6個(gè)半胱氨酸,從豬小腸純化肽的3對鏈內(nèi)二硫橋鍵已定位。在酵母中,此肽主要分布于線粒體內(nèi)膜,捕獲細(xì)胞膜上的Cu+,為氧化還原復(fù)合多酶體系成員,在呼吸鏈末端傳遞電子將O2還原為H2O.同時(shí),它在內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)中起著激素的作用。現(xiàn)將Dopuin/Cox17p肽的生理功能及其基因表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)方面的有關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述如下。此肽與機(jī)體能量代謝的酶活性相關(guān),有重要理論和臨床研究價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 Dopuin/Cox17p;氧化磷酸化;腺苷酸酰化;銅,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
Dopuin/Cox17p:a new bioactive peptide
LI Fa-fang,CHEN Zheng-wang.Science Experiment Center,Youjiang National Medical College,Baise 533000,China
?。跘bstract] Dopuin/Cox17p is a new bioactive peptide which has been demonstrated in yeast and porcine intestine recently.They are about 8057 Da which consist of 62-residue.According to Swiss-PROT,they also exist in plasmodium,anopheles,drosophila,king cobra and shark.cDNA sequence of mouse and human are homologous.Though their primary structure are different with their species,they all have rich proline exists in N-terminal and 6-Cys locates in 22,23,25,35,44 and 54.Three intrachain disulphide bonds have been found in porcine intestine peptide.They locates in the membrane of mitochondria in yeast.When they go out to cell membrane they capture Cu+,and now are accepted as a new member of polyoxidoreductase.They take part in the electron transformation and the reduction of oxygen to water.Also,They act as hormone in nerve and endocrine system.This article summarizes the expression and the function of dopuin/Cox17p in creatures.We think that it‘s necessary to develop their relative drugs,because they take high interaction with the enzyme’s activation of energy metabolisming and human disease of copper absent.
?。跭ey words] dopuin/Cox17p;oxidative phosphorylation;deadenylation;copper transportation
現(xiàn)代社會物質(zhì)極大豐富,腦力工作時(shí)間多于體力工作時(shí)間,體能儲藏多,消耗少。生理性患病危險(xiǎn)因素的生物學(xué)根源是脂、淀粉等高能量物質(zhì)吸取太多,將體內(nèi)的脂、淀粉分解成能量消耗的能力低下,大量粥樣脂肪沉積在血管內(nèi)表面,使動靜脈血管管腔狹窄、血壓升高、血管脆性增加、冠狀動脈同樣成為粥樣硬化、狹窄而心肌供血不足,導(dǎo)致心絞痛、心
肌梗死、心律失常或心力衰竭等,更嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致呼吸停止。針對該癥狀篩選生物能量活性肽,激活細(xì)胞產(chǎn)能代謝,促進(jìn)人體細(xì)胞活力,增加脂肪代謝,降低血脂。開發(fā)健康食品,提高Dopuin/Cox17p蛋白質(zhì)供應(yīng)量,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體能量代謝,讓人們在工作生活中充滿活力。
1 Dopuin/Cox17p的發(fā)現(xiàn)及其在生物體中的分布
當(dāng)尋找新的胃腸多肽激素時(shí),Chen等[1]1997年從豬小腸中分離得到了一種含62個(gè)氨基酸的多肽,命名為dopuin:do意為多(many);pu即脯,脯氨酸(proline);in,音為因(factor);即一個(gè)富含脯氨酸的多肽因子,其鏈內(nèi)二硫橋鍵已被定位(圖1)。Glerum等[2]1996年發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)酵母基因的產(chǎn)物,是組裝細(xì)胞色素氧化酶(cytochrome-oxidase)復(fù)合體的成員,命名Cox17p.1997年,Amaravadi等[3]克隆出一種與人肌肉功能相關(guān)的蛋白,其功能和酵母Cox17p一致,也稱之為Cox17p,其氨基酸排列和Dopuin有94%的同源性,它們是存在于不同生物中的同一功能蛋白(肽),文獻(xiàn)中統(tǒng)稱Dopuin/Cox17p.
Beers等[4]利用酵母表達(dá)并純化出Dopuin/Cox17p,發(fā)現(xiàn)每摩爾蛋白中含0.2~0.3 mol銅。將完整線粒體置于低滲條件下,又發(fā)現(xiàn)其中大部分Dopuin/Cox17p以可溶性蛋白質(zhì)釋放出去,這表明Cox17p存在于線粒體膜上[5]。Dopuin/Cox17p屬于核編碼蛋白,在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中為二聚體,運(yùn)輸?shù)骄€粒體內(nèi)膜組織為呼吸鏈復(fù)合酶體系時(shí),則折疊成四聚體行使功能,在生理狀態(tài)下以20 mM穩(wěn)定存在。經(jīng)Northern雜交檢測,它在神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞的含量遠(yuǎn)高于成纖維細(xì)胞。腦內(nèi)的Dopuin/Cox17p主要位于垂體,含量在出生前后明顯不同,在胚胎發(fā)育早期的心臟中即有表達(dá)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于了解個(gè)體在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期不同組織的功能。
Dopuin/Cox17p廣泛存在于進(jìn)行有氧呼吸的動、植物中[6,7]。用人類cDNA轉(zhuǎn)化酵母Cox17突變株,能使該基因喪失的酵母線粒體呼吸功能得到恢復(fù)。植物擬南芥AtCox17p與Cox17p的功能完全一致。
2 基因結(jié)構(gòu)
Dopuin/Cox17p的基因結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)研究[8~10]。人的基因,位于染色體3長臂,約8 kb,可編碼450 bp.老鼠位于16號染色體,有6 kb,含3個(gè)外顯子。老鼠cDNA實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,起始密碼子上游的80 bp處富含GC片斷,能結(jié)合Sp1的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)不含TATA/CAAT框,但含有Cox17p亞基的NRF-1和NRF-2的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。和氧化還原復(fù)合酶其他基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄機(jī)制一樣,Sp1、NRF-1和NRF-2位于該基因5‘端-155-70 bp轉(zhuǎn)錄片斷內(nèi),為主要轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)?;騿幼游挥诘谝粋€(gè)外顯子一側(cè)的85 bp處,多聚腺苷?;稽c(diǎn)則在轉(zhuǎn)錄終止子下游的3233和3293處。
3 基因表達(dá)及調(diào)節(jié)
在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中,線粒體功能蛋白在突觸前神經(jīng)末端合成[11]。酵母中mRNA的剪接從多聚A尾開始,多聚腺苷酸酰化通常由mRNA 3‘端非編碼區(qū)(3’-UTRs:3‘-untranslated regions)成分調(diào)控。Pufp(Pumilio家族)包含JSN1/PUF1、PUF2、PUF3、PUF4和MPT5/PUF5,是3’-UTRs的反式作用因子,能提高腺苷酸?;嚷剩?2]。PUF3結(jié)合到mRNA 3‘-UTRs,活化腺苷酸?;福–cr4p/Pop2p/Not),促進(jìn)mRNA的剪切[13]。Pab1p[poly(A) binding protein]從多聚A尾上解離能限制腺苷酸?;壤?。Dopuin/Cox17p基因結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)與調(diào)節(jié)見圖2.
4 蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)及功能
研究者分別從酵母DNA、小鼠RT-PCR擴(kuò)增片斷、豬內(nèi)純化活性肽和人的cDNA中分析了Dopuin/Cox17p的氨基酸序列。酵母與人的序列一致性為24%,鼠與人的一致性為92%,豬與人的一致性為94%,見圖3.
Dopuin/Cox17p分子量為8057 Da左右,是電子傳遞鏈中細(xì)胞色素氧化酶(cytochrom-oxidase:CCO,又稱細(xì)胞色素aa3復(fù)合物)的組分。每個(gè)單分子螯合3個(gè)Cu+,所形成的三角形單體被X射線光譜和紫外光譜驗(yàn)證[14,15]。傅立葉變換(FT:Fourier transform)顯示了二銅核復(fù)合體[16]。酵母中銅的吸收,見圖4.Dopuin/Cox17p之所以能穩(wěn)定運(yùn)送Cu2+到線粒體內(nèi)膜,是因?yàn)镃u+結(jié)合到該蛋白的Cys-Cys-Xaa-Cys中[17],它使得這一功能在物種中高度保守。該復(fù)合體保存了球狀折疊模式[18],球中螯合Cu+的界面氨基酸殘基互補(bǔ),從而減小了運(yùn)送過程中的活性障礙[19]。Cu+在細(xì)胞色素傳遞電子及氧化還原反應(yīng)中發(fā)生價(jià)態(tài)變化(Cu+~Cu2+),每次將電子從細(xì)胞色素氧化酶傳遞給O2能產(chǎn)生103.8 kJ/mol能量。Dopuin/Cox17p只有在胚胎形成6.5天[20]以后才能組裝復(fù)合酶體,在線粒體的能量代謝中表現(xiàn)酶活性。Dopuin/Cox17p突變后,呼吸功能可被Sco1p恢復(fù)[21],Sco1p將色素復(fù)合酶體錨定膜上[22],是線粒體內(nèi)膜蛋白[23]。人工Dopuin/Cox17p與天然產(chǎn)物一樣,微摩爾濃度即能明顯促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞NIH3T3成活。它不僅是呼吸鏈復(fù)合酶體的功能成分,也在內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)中起作用,能微弱抑制胰腺胰島素分泌。
5 其他
缺銅動物肝臟、心臟、腎臟、腦、小腸、脾、胸腺和骨髓的酶活性均降低,但含銅過量則會產(chǎn)生毒副作用。大腦脈絡(luò)膜復(fù)合體通過吞、吐方式調(diào)整大腦中銅的濃度[24]。到目前為止,發(fā)現(xiàn)至少有三種蛋白(Cox17p、Sco1p和Sco2p)與Cu+運(yùn)輸?shù)胶粑溣嘘P(guān)[25],人呼吸鏈復(fù)合酶含5個(gè)基因:Bcs1,Cox15,Pet112,Cox11和Sco 1[26]。在同一生物體中,金屬硫蛋白(MT:metallothionein)是目前唯一已知和Dopuin/Cox17p同源的蛋白質(zhì),它們以同樣的機(jī)制運(yùn)送不同的金屬離子到線粒體膜[27],氨基酸(如Lys)突變會抑制線粒體能量代謝的酶活性[28]。根據(jù)目前研究狀況,進(jìn)一步開展Dopuin/Cox17p的理論和應(yīng)用研究,對豐富保健、臨床藥品、增強(qiáng)人體活力具有不可替代的作用。
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